According to a recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO) cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number 1 cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2016, representing 31% of all global deaths.47
These numbers are constantly increasing. In a recent study, researchers estimated that by 2030, 40.5% of the U.S. population is projected to have some form of cardiovascular disease.46
It has been emphasized by the WHO that most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioral risk factors such unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and harmful use of tobacco, and alcohol. 47
Since the suggestions from the 70s, that the abundance of omega 3 fatty acids in the diet of the Greenland Eskimos was responsible for their low mortality from ischaemic heart disease, there has been considerable interest in the protective role and possible mechanism of action of marine unsaturated fats.39, 40
From that time, a great number of studies, including epidemiologic and controlled interventional studies, comprehensive reviews, and meta-analyses found that marine- and plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases. Thus omega-3 fatty acid therapy has shown promise as a useful tool in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD.9-40
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which provides scientific advice to assist policy makers, has confirmed that clear health benefits have been established for the dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids such as:26-29
EPA and DHA contribute to the normal function of the heart
DHA and EPA contribute to the maintenance of normal blood pressure
DHA and EPA contribute to the maintenance of normal blood triglyceride levels
ALA contributes to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels
The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular conditions, however, is not without controversy. A new review, published recently in the Cochrane Library, combining the results of 79 trials involving more than 112,00 people, found taking more long-chain omega 3 fats (including EPA and DHA) probably makes little or no difference to risk of cardiovascular events, coronary heart deaths, coronary heart disease events, stroke or heart irregularities.8
So, what is the real story about the protective role of omega-3s?
The most important thing that should be understood is that, despite the widespread use of omega-3 supplements, the major part of the world population does not meet the minimal dietary recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. So it is not just about the health benefits of an increased level of EPA and DHA. It is about providing enough so that you are not deficient.
A comprehensive review, that included 266 individual surveys, representing 113 countries and 82% of the global population, found that only 18.9% of the surveyed population met optimal intake for seafood omega-3 fats (EPA+DHA≥250 mg/day).42
It has been noted that blood levels of EPA + DHA are more reliable indicators of deficiency than simple assessments of dietary intake. While global mapping of blood EPA + DHA levels found variability across the globe, most countries and regions of the world had levels that are consideredlow to very low.45 Reliable observational studies have indicated that these low levels are associated with an increased risk in cardiovascular related mortality.41-45
The Cochrane Review indicated some limitations to the studies. It noted that the physiological effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) are only seen clearly at higher intake levels, usually in excess of 3 grams per day This is much higher than the amounts used in the trials, which was typically no more than 1grams per day.48
In fact, the European Food Safety Authority, in its review about authorized health claims for foods and supplements, tsaid that to obtain a beneficial effect for disease prevention, such as the maintenance of normal blood pressure or the maintenance of normal triglyceride levels, a daily intake of 2, or 3 grams, but no more than 5 grams of EPA and DHA is needed.27-29
Finally, even the Cochrane Review emphasized that EPA and DHA have been found to slightly reduce serum triglycerides, and raise HDL (high density lipoproteins) > Both of these factors have important roles in the prevention of CVDs.
So don’t neglect the positive effects of Omega 3 supplements, particularly those containing DHA & EPA.
EAT YOUR VEGGIES AND FRUIT
Adequate consumption of vegetables and fruit are vitally important to healthy functioning of the cardiovascular system as both sources of nutrients, and non-nutritive food constituents (eg: fiber).
A review published in the International Journal of Epidemiology, that includes the results of 95 separate studies, found that there was a 16% reduction in the risk of heart disease, a 28% reduction in the risk of stroke and a 22% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease for an intake of 500 g of fruits and vegetables per day, compared to 0–40 grams per day.6 Moreover, for heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, the lowest risk was observed at 800 grams/day (10 servings/day). 6
Statistics show that average daily consumption of vegetables and fruit is far below the recommended daily amount.1-5 National nutrition surveys showed that in the UK only 1 in 3 adults, or 1 in 10 adults in the U.S.A. meet the official fruit or vegetable recommendations. 4, 5
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends eating at least five 80 g portions of fruit and vegetables every day (total 400 grams per day). This should be considered as a minimum amount. It should be noted that in the WHO recommendation, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other starchy roots are not classified as vegetables, and not included in the “400 grams per day” limit.7
BE ACTIVE
Physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, and one of the main preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. According to the WHO fact sheet on physical activity, people who are insufficiently active have a 20% to 30% increased risk of death compared to people who are sufficiently active.49-57
According to the WHO, in order to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, bone health and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases and depression, the following are the minimum recommended for adults:57
150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or
75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or
an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
For additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on two or more days a week. 57
In addition to healthy diet and regular physical activity, natural products and nutraceuticals are increasingly researched and used to enhance health and prevent chronic diseases. One considered to have significant cardiovascular protective effects is coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10).61
Coenzyme Q10 a fat-soluble compound found in virtually all cells of the body. CoQ10 is involved in mitochondrial energy production, needed for the conversion of energy from carbohydrates and fats to ATP (the form of energy used by cells).
In addition, beside vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 is the principal fat-soluble antioxidant in our body preserving membrane integrity, and protecting lipoproteins (which transport cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream) from oxidative damage.
CoQ10 is synthesized by the body and can be obtained from the diet. In the developed world, the estimated daily CoQ10 consumption is 3–6 mg per day, derived mainly from meat.
According to cardiovascular health related publications, CoQ10 has three main functions: 58
a key role in the biochemical process supplying cardiac cells with energy;
a role as a cell membrane protecting antioxidant;
a direct effect on genes involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism.
Deficiency in CoQ10 could lead to mitochondrial and vascular endothelial dysfunctions resulting in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.61, 74 Patients who have lower serum CoQ10 concentrations have poorer prognosis from CHF, and those on long term cholesterol-lowering statin therapy may have a decrease of plasma CoQ10 concentrations.61, 74
CoQ10 has been shown to have beneficial effects in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic heart failure (CHF), hypertension, as well as neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders, and migraine.59-74
Although some CoQ10 is obtained from the diet, most is manufactured within the liver, the capacity of which declines with age.58 Tissue concentrations of coenzyme Q10 have been found to decline with age, thereby accompanying age-related declines in energy metabolism.74
In a controlled trial from University Hospital of Linköping, daily supplementation of 200mg of CoQ10, in combination of selenium, for four years exerted a significant improvement in vitality, physical performance, and quality of life in elderly individuals (>70 years).75
In a 12-year follow-up study, significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality has been reported in those supplemented with 200mg of CoQ10 and 200 mcg of selenium, with a cardiovascular mortality of 28.1% in the supplemented group, and 38.7% in the placebo group.76
Researchers concluded, that CoQ10 may have significant potential for cardiovascular prevention as a standalone nutritional supplement and as an adjunct to complement the therapeutic effect of traditional cardiovascular medicines.59, 60,61
Sources ▼
Agudo A, Slimani N, Ocké MC, Naska A, et al..: Consumption of vegetables, fruit and other plant foods in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts from 10 European countries. Public Health Nutr. 2002 Dec; 5(6B):1179-96.
Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, et al. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. European Journal of Nutrition. 2012;51(6):637-663. doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y.
Elmadfa I, Meyer A, Nowak V, et al.: European Nutrition and Health Report 2009. Forum Nutr. 2009;62:1-405. doi: 10.1159/000242367. Epub 2009 Sep 21.
Food Standards Agency (FSA), Department of Health (DoH): National Diet and Nutrition Survey: headline results from years 1, 2 and 3 combined (2008/09 – 2010/11). Survey carried out on behalf of the Department of Health and the Food Standards Agency. Edited by: Beverley Bates, Alison Lennox, Ann Prentice, Chris Bates, Gillian Swan. Published 25 July 2012
Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG.: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Res. 2012 Jul;43(5):356-62. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.06.011. Epub 2012 Jul 24.
Aune D, Giovannucci E, et al.: Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies, International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 46, Issue 3, 1 June 2017, Pages 1029–1056, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw319
World Health Organization: Healthy diet. Fact Shee Nr. 394. Updated May 2015. Published On-line: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/
Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega 3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3
Barrett SJ.: The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular health. Altern Ther Health Med. 2013;19 Suppl 1:26-30.
Chalupka S.: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. AAOHN J. 2009 Nov;57(11):480. doi: 10.3928/08910162-20091027-05.
Eilat-Adar S, Lipovetzky N, Goldbourt U, Henkin Y.: [Omega-3 fatty acids, fish, fish oil and cardiovascular disease–a review with implications to Israeli nutritional guidelines]. Harefuah. 2004 Aug;143(8):585-91, 622, 621.
Cao Y, Lu L. et al.: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015 May;72(1):77-81. doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-0407-5.
Mori TA.: Marine OMEGA-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Fitoterapia, Volume 123, November 2017, Pages 51-58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.09.015
Whelton SP, He J, Whelton PK, Muntner P.: Meta-analysis of observational studies on fish intake and coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004 May 1;93(9):1119-23.
Yashodhara BM, Umakanth S, Pappachan JM, Bhat SK, Kamath R, Choo BH.: Omega-3 fatty acids: a comprehensive review of their role in health and disease. Postgrad Med J. 2009 Feb;85(1000):84-90. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2008.073338
Musa-Veloso K, Binns MA, Kocenas A, Chung C, Rice H, Oppedal-Olsen H, Lloyd H, Lemke S.: Impact of low v. moderate intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids on risk of coronary heart disease. Br J Nutr. 2011 Oct;106(8):1129-41. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511001644. Epub 2011 May 31.
Vrablík M, Prusíková M, Snejdrlová M, Zlatohlávek L.: Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk: do we understand the relationship? Physiol Res. 2009;58 Suppl 1:S19-26.
Appel LJ, Miller ER 3rd, Seidler AJ, et al. Does supplementation of diet with ‘fish oil’ reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1429–38.
Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Kok FJ.: Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. 2007 J. Hypertens. 20, 1493-1499.
Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J.: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2006 Nov;189(1):19-30. Epub 2006 Mar 10.
Eslick GD, Howe PR, Smith C, Priest R, Bensoussan A.: Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Jul 24;136(1):4-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.092. Epub 2008 Sep 6.
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, Franklin B, Kris- Etherton P, Harris WS, Howard B, Karanja N, Lefevre M, Rudel L, Sacks F, Van Horn L, Winston M, Wylie-Rosett J. Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 2186-2191.
Mozaffarian D and Rimm EB.: Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. 2006 JAMA, 296, 1885-1899.
Mozaffarian D.: Fish and n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of fatal coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death. 2008 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87, 1991S-1996S
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to alpha-linolenic acid and maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentrations (ID 493) and maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 625) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1252. [17 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1252.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to EPA, DHA, DPA and maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 502), maintenance of normal HDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 515), maintenance of normal (fasting) blood concentrations of triglycerides (ID 517), maintenance of normal LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 528, 698) and maintenance of joints (ID 503, 505, 507, 511, 518, 524, 526, 535, 537) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1263. [26 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1263.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion the substantiation of a health claim related to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and maintenance of normal (fasting) blood concentrations of triglycerides (ID 533, 691, 3150), protection of blood lipids from oxidative damage (ID 630), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 629), brain, eye and nerve development (ID 627, 689, 704, 742, 3148, 3151), maintenance of normal brain function (ID 565, 626, 631, 689, 690, 704, 742, 3148, 3151), maintenance of normal vision (ID 627, 632, 743, 3149) and maintenance of normal spermatozoa motility (ID 628) pursuant to Article 13(3) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1734. [27 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1734.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and maintenance of normal cardiac function (ID 504, 506, 516, 527, 538, 703, 1128, 1317, 1324, 1325), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 566), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 506, 516, 703, 1317, 1324), maintenance of normal blood HDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 506), maintenance of normal (fasting) blood concentrations of triglycerides (ID 506, 527, 538, 1317, 1324, 1325), maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 527, 538, 1317, 1325, 4689), protection of the skin from photo-oxidative (UV-induced) damage (ID 530), improved absorption of EPA and DHA (ID 522, 523), contribution to the normal function of the immune system by decreasing the levels of eicosanoids, arachidonic acid-derived mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines (ID 520, 2914), and “immunomodulating agent” (4690) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1796. [32 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1796.
Calabresi L, Villa B, Canavesi M, Sirtori CR, James RW, Bernini F, Franceschini G An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate increases plasma high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol and paraoxonase levels in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism. 2004 Feb; 53(2):153-8.
Bhatnagar D, Durrington PN Omega-3 fatty acids: their role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis related risk factors and complications. Int J Clin Pract. 2003 May; 57(4):305-14.
British Nutrition Foundation . n-3 fatty acids and health: briefing paper. British Nutrition Foundation; London: 1999.
Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Katan MB Antiarrhythmic effects of n-3 fatty acids: evidence from human studies. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004 Feb; 15(1):25-30.
Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 Feb 8; 361(9356):477-85.
Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G: N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2002 Mar; 112(4):298-304.
Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B: Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation. 1993 Aug; 88(2):523-33.
Gapinski JP, VanRuiswyk JV, Heudebert GR, Schectman GS Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Jul 12; 153(13):1595-601.
Hooper L, Harrison RA, Summerbell CD, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2004;(4):CD003177. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub2.
Bang HO, Dyerberg J: Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Greenlandic west coast Eskimos. Acta Med Scand. 1972 Jul-Aug; 192(1-2):85-94.
Bang HO, Dyerberg J, Hjorne N. The composition of food consumed by Greenland Eskimos. Acta medica Scandinavica. 1976;200:69–73.
Harika RK, Eilander A, Alssema M, Osendarp SJ, Zock PL.: Intake of fatty acids in general populations worldwide does not meet dietary recommendations to prevent coronary heart disease: a systematic review of data from 40 countries. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63(3):229-38. doi: 10.1159/000355437. Epub 2013 Oct 29.
Micha R. et al.: Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ 2014; 348 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2272 (Published 15 April 2014)
S. Siscovick, T.E. Raghunathan, I. King, S. Weinmann, K.G. Wicklund, J. Albright, et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest JAMA, 274, pp. 1363-1367
M. Albert, H. Campos, M.J. Stampfer, P.M. Ridker, J.E. Manson, W.C. Willett, et al.: Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N. Engl. J. Med., 346, pp. 1113-1118
Stark KD., et al.: Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Progress in Lipid Research Volume 63, July 2016, Pages 132-152 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001
Heidenreich, PA, JG Trogdon, OA Khaviou, J Butler, K Dracup, MD Ezekowitz, EA Finkelstein, Y Hong, SC Johnston, A Khora, DM Lloyd-Jones, SA Nelson, G Nichol, D Orenstein, PW Wilson, and YJ Woo. Forecasting the Future of Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ. 2011; 123: 933-44. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2011/01/24/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5.abstract
GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet (London, England). 2017;390(10100):1345-1422. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8.
World Health Organization: Global recommendations on physical activity for health; Exercise, Life style, Health promotion, Chronic disease-prevention and control, National health programs. World Health Organization, Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, and ISBN 978 92 4 159 997 9 (NLM classification: QT 255), 2010.
Lee I-M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Impact of Physical Inactivity on the World’s Major Non-Communicable Diseases. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219-229. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9.
Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;174(6):801-809. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351.
Bouchard C, Shephard RJ. Physical activity fitness and health: the model and key concepts. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity fitness and health: International proceedings and consensus statement. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 1994. p. 77-88.
Blair SN, Cheng Y, Holder JS. Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits? [discussion S419-20]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:S379-99.
Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger RS Jr, et al. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 1989;262:2395-401.
Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hyde RT, Hsieh CC, et al. Physical activity, other life-style patterns, cardiovascular disease and longevity. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1986;711:85-91.
World Health Organization: Physical activity. Fact sheet. Updated February 2018, published online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/
Mantle at al.: Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular disease: an overview October 2015Br J Cardiol 2015;22:160doi:10.5837/bjc.2015.037
Yalcin A, Kilinc E, Sagcan A, Kultursay H (2004) Coenzyme Q10 concentrations in coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 37: 706-709.
Weant KA1, Smith KM (2005) The role of coenzyme Q10 in heart failure. Ann Pharmacother 39: 1522-1526.
Sander S, Coleman CI, Patel AA, Kluger J, White CM (2006) The impact of coenzyme Q10 on systolic function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 12: 464-472.
Gao L, Mao Q, Cao J, Wang Y, Zhou X, et al. (2012) Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 221: 311-316.
Beg S, Javed S, Kohli K (2010) Bioavailability enhancement of coenzyme Q10: an extensive review of patents. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 4: 245-255.
Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, Pella D, Kumar A, et al. (2003) Effect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Biochem 246: 75-82.
Mc Murray J, Dunsehman P, Wedel HGJ, Lindberg M, Hjahmarson A, et al. (2010) Coenzyme Q10, Rosuvastatin, and Clinical Outcomes in Heart Failure: A Pre-specified Substudy of CORONA (Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Study in Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 56:1196-1204.
Rosenfeldt FL, Haas SJ, Krum H, Hadj A, Ng K, et al. (2007) Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials. J Hum Hypertens 21: 297-306.
Rasmussen CB, Glisson JK, Minor DS (2012) Dietary supplements and hypertension: potential benefits and precautions. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 14: 467-471.
Mancuso M, Orsucci D, Volpi L, Calsolaro V, Siciliano G (2010) Coenzyme Q10 in neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Drug Targets 11: 111-121.
Nielsen ML, Pareek M, Henriksen JE (2011) [Reduced synthesis of coenzyme Q10 may cause statin related myopathy]. Ugeskr Laeger 173: 2943-2948.
Hershey AD, Powers SW, Vockell AL, Lecates SL, Ellinor PL, et al. (2007) Coenzyme Q10 deficiency and response to supplementation in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Headache 47: 73-80.
Higdon J.: Coenzyme Q10, 2003 Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University Updated in April 2018 by Delage B.. published on-line: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/coenzyme-Q10 This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. This website is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University.
Johansson P, Dahlstrom O, Dahlstrom U, Alehagen U. Improved health-related quality of life, and more days out of hospital with supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 combined. Results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(9):870-877.
Alehagen U, Aaseth J, Alexander J, Johansson P. Still reduced cardiovascular mortality 12 years after supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for four years: A validation of previous 10-year follow-up results of a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in elderly. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0193120.
Kozaróczy
Sports nutrition specialist, R&D consultant for manufacturers and distributors of nutritional supplements and health foods, Nutrition consultant for numerous elite, world-class athletes, Writer and Bodybuilding champion.
Welcome back. Please enter your information below.
Register an account
Benefits of creating an account - Track purchases - View previous orders
- Get personalized recommendations - Save items to your Wishlist - Manage shipping & billing address
By continuing to use this site, you consent to our use of cookies. We use cookies to enhance and customize our content, advertisements and social media features, as well as to analyze our traffic. Information about your use of our site may be shared with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that they have collected from your use of their services, or that you may have provided to them. Thank you for visiting vitamin360.comAccept