Balanced nutrition and a healthy lifestyle are essential throughout life to ensure optimal health and vitality, but are even more important during childhood. Young age is characterized by continued physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development,that may be affected by inadequate intake of essential nutrients.
Although nothing can substitute for a balanced diet, the daily use of several supplements formulated for kids may help to assure an adequate intake of key nutrients, and provide a nutritional insurance policy against deficiency. These formulas can keep your child feeling healthy, fit and focused. It may provide them with a natural advantage by supporting immune function, physical development, and even concentration and learning abilities.
MULTIVITAMIN
When kids are heading back to school it’s inevitable that they will be exposed to colds, flu and various other “germs” when sitting in a classroom all day. Vitamins play an important role in immune response. Deficiencies have been shown to cause impaired immune response, antibody production and activity. This may influence the susceptibility of children to infectious diseases, as well as the course and outcome of such diseases. 5-25
Given the abundance of food in our modern world, we might think that nutritional deficiencies only exist in developing countries. Surprisingly, this is not the case. Researchers found that a significant proportion of children received inadequate nutrition for optimal physical and emotional development even in the most affluent countries. In fact, 75-80% of the diet of children do not meet with the current nutritional recommendations in Sweden, the UK, or the USA. 1, 2, 3
The Linus Pauling Institute recommends that children ages 4 to 13 years take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement. 4
In addition, a recent review published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition that analyzed the results of 20 individual trials found that multiple micronutrient supplementation may have a positive effect on fluid intelligence (reasoning ability) and academic performance. 26
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
Essential fatty acids are vitally important for normal growth and development of our kids. They are especially important for the healthy development of the brain, and thus the optimal cognitive, mental, emotional, and social development of the child. Over half of the brain’s dry weight is comprised of lipids, and it is especially rich in omega-3 fatty acids. 27-31
Deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids have been found to be associated with neurological and developmental disorders, characterized by learning and behavioral difficulties. A greater number of behavioral problems, such as temper tantrums and sleep difficulties were reported in subjects with lower total omega-3 fatty acid concentrations compared to children with normal concentrations. Additionally, more learning problems were found in child with lower total omega-3 fatty acid concentrations. 32-42
Gut health is as important for kids and adolescents as it is for adults. Their brain development, their immunity and their assimilation of important nutrients all depends on the health of their gut microbiota. 43-49
A 6-month trial, the results of which were published in Pediatrics, found that a probiotic mixture (L. acidophilus NCFM, Bifidobacterium animalis) reduced in children the incidence of fever by 72.7%, coughing incidence by 62.1%, rhinorrhea (“runny nose”) by 58.8%, antibiotic use by 82.4% relative to the placebo group. 61
Probiotics in capsule form NOW® PROBIOTIC-10™ 25 BILLION, is a cost effective way to safeguard your children’s health.
Last but not least, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that healthy gut microbiota plays a key role in the development and function of the central nervous system, and contributes to the early development of normal social behaviors and cognitive functions, such as learning and memory. 50-60
CALCIUM
We all know that calcium can be a part of balanced multivitamin and mineral supplementation, but its importance during childhood should be emphasized. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, and approximately 99 % of total body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth where it supports their structure and function. During childhood, an adequate dietary supply of calcium is critically important for the development and maintenance of strong and healthy bones.
In balanced diets, dairy products contribute around 52–75 % of the reference intake of calcium, but if your child is unable, or unwilling to consume dairy products, you should be aware of which foods can provide sufficient amount of calcium. Studies showed that in growing children, long-term avoidance of cow milk may be associated with small stature and poor bone health.62
Calcium choices for those who do not consume dairy products include green leafy vegetables such us collard and turnip greens, kale, bok choy, legumes including soybeans and other soy products (tofu made with calcium, soy yogurt, tempeh), some other beans, and calcium-fortified foods (juices, cereals, breads, rice milk, almond milk or other non-dairy “milks”). In such cases, a high-quality calcium supplement may be recommended to provide extra assurance that nutritional needs are being met. 63-71
References ▼
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Lynch C, Kristjansdottir AG, Te Velde SJ, Lien N, Roos E, Thorsdottir I, Krawinkel M, de Almeida MD, Papadaki A, Hlastan Ribic C, Petrova S, Ehrenblad B, Halldorsson TI, Poortvliet E, Yngve A. Fruit and vegetable consumption in a sample of 11-year-old children in ten European countries–the PRO GREENS cross-sectional survey. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(11):2436-44. doi: 10.1017/S1368980014001347. Epub 2014 Jul 15.
Wandner LD., et al. Research-Based Recommendations to Improve Child Nutrition in Schools and Out-of-School Time Programs. Research-to-Results Brief. Publication #2009-27
Drake VJ.: Micronutrient Requirements of Children Ages 4 to 13 Years. August 2011, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. Published online: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/children#reference115 – This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. This website is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University
Chandra RK. Nutrition, immunity and infection: From basic knowledge of dietary manipulation of immune responses to practical application of ameliorating suffering and improving Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996;93(25):14304-14307.
Keusch, G.T.: The history of nutrition: Malnutrition, infection and immunity. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 336–340.
Dizdar OS, Baspınar O, Kocer D, et al. Nutritional Risk, Micronutrient Status and Clinical Outcomes: A Prospective Observational Study in an Infectious Disease Clinic. Nutrients. 2016;8(3):124. doi:10.3390/nu8030124.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin A and cell differentiation (ID 14), function of the immune system (ID 14), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 15, 17), maintenance of vision (ID 16), maintenance of bone (ID 13, 17), maintenance of teeth (ID 13, 17), maintenance of hair (ID 17), maintenance of nails (ID 17), metabolism of iron (ID 206), and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 209) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1221. [25 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1221. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to folate and blood formation (ID 79), homocysteine metabolism (ID 80), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 90), function of the immune system (ID 91), function of blood vessels (ID 94, 175, 192), cell division (ID 193), and maternal tissue growth during pregnancy (ID 2882) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1213. [22 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1213.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12 and red blood cell formation (ID 92, 101), cell division (ID 93), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 99, 190) and function of the immune system (ID 107) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9): 1223. [16 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1223.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 73, 76, 199), maintenance of normal bone (ID 74), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 74), maintenance of normal hair (ID 74), maintenance of normal skin (ID 74), maintenance of normal nails (ID 74), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 75, 214), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 77), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 78), and contribution to normal cysteine synthesis (ID 4283) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1759. [24 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1759.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin C and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 129, 138, 143, 148), antioxidant function of lutein (ID 146), maintenance of vision (ID 141, 142), collagen formation (ID 130, 131, 136, 137, 149), function of the nervous system (ID 133), function of the immune system (ID 134), function of the immune system during and after extreme physical exercise (ID 144), non-haem iron absorption (ID 132, 147), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 135), and relief in case of irritation in the upper respiratory tract (ID 1714, 1715) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1226. [28 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1226.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular function (ID 159) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(2):1468. [17 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1468
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2015. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to the normal function of the immune system pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4096, 7 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4096
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to selenium and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 277, 283, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1751) , function of the immune system (ID 278), thyroid function (ID 279, 282, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293), function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 280), prostate function (ID 284), cognitive function (ID 285) and spermatogenesis (ID 396) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1220. [24 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1220
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and function of the immune system (ID 291, 1757), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 292, 1759), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 294, 1758), maintenance of bone (ID 295, 1756), cognitive function (ID 296), fertility and reproduction (ID 297, 300), reproductive development (ID 298), muscle function (ID 299), metabolism of fatty acids (ID 302), maintenance of joints (ID 305), function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 306), prostate function (ID 307), thyroid function (ID 308), acid-base metabolism (ID 360), vitamin A metabolism (ID 361) and maintenance of vision (ID 361) pursuant to Article 13 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1229. [34 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1229
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to copper and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 263, 1726), function of the immune system (ID 264), maintenance of connective tissues (ID 265, 271, 1722), energy yielding metabolism (ID 266), function of the nervous system (ID 267), maintenance of skin and hair pigment (ID 268, 1724), iron transport (ID 269, 270, 1727), cholesterol metabolism (ID 369), and glucose metabolism (ID 369) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1211. [21 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1211
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iron and formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin (ID 249, ID 1589), oxygen transport (ID 250, ID 254, ID 256), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 251, ID 1589), function of the immune system (ID 252, ID 259), cognitive function (ID 253) and cell division (ID 368) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1215. [20 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215.
Tamura J, Kubota K, Murakami H, et al.: Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999;116(1):28-32. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00870.x.
Cherayil BJ. The role of iron in the immune response to bacterial infection. Immunologic research. 2011;50(1):1-9. doi:10.1007/s12026-010-8199-1.
Cherayil BJ. Iron and immunity: immunological consequences of iron deficiency and overload. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. 2010;58(6):407-415. doi:10.1007/s00005-010-0095-9.
Verdrengh M., Tarkowski A.: Riboflavin in innate and acquired immune responses. Inflamm Res. 2005 Sep;54(9):390-3.
Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on immune responses. Molecular nutrition & food research. 2008;52(11):1273-1280. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700330.
Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ.: Selenium in the immune system. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1457S-9S.
Dhur A., Galan P, Hercberg S.: Folate status and the immune system. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1991;15(1-2):43-60.
Eilander A, Gera T, Sachdev HS, Transler C, van der Knaap HC, Kok FJ, Osendarp SJ.: Multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan;91(1):115-30. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28376. Epub 2009 Nov 4.
Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from Unilever PLC/NV on α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid and growth and development of children. The EFSA Journal (2008) 783, 1–10. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.783
Agranoff BW, Benjamins JA, et al.: Basic Neurochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects (6th ed.), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 1999, pp. 47-67
Bruce KD, Zsombok A, Eckel RH. Lipid Processing in the Brain: A Key Regulator of Systemic Metabolism. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2017;8:60. doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00060.
Hamilton JA, Hillard CJ, Spector AA, Watkins PA. Brain uptake and utilization of fatty acids, lipids and lipoproteins: application to neurological disorders. J Mol Neurosci(2007) 33:2–11.10.1007/s12031-007-0060-1
Jumpsen J, Clandinin MT.: Brain Development: Relationship to Dietary Lipid and Lipid Metabolism. August 30, 1995 by AOCS Publishing. ISBN 9781439831847 – CAT# NE10322
Hibbeln JR, Gow RV. Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Nutrient Deficits in Adverse Neurodevelopment and Childhood Behaviors. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2014;23(3):555-590. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.02.002.
Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2015;7:52. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052.
Bozzatello P, Brignolo E, De Grandi E, Bellino S. Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. Brown L, Rauch B, Poudyal H, eds. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2016;5(8):67. doi:10.3390/jcm5080067.
Montgomery P, Burton JR, Sewell RP, Spreckelsen TF, Richardson AJ. Low Blood Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids in UK Children Are Associated with Poor Cognitive Performance and Behavior: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the DOLAB Study. Chao L, ed. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e66697. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066697.
Kidd PM.: Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):207-27.
Osendarp S. JM.,: The role of omega-3 fatty acids in child development. OCL Journées Chevreul 2011 Lipids and Brain (18) 6, pp307–313 DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0417
Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Abate ML, Kuczek T, Burgess JR.: Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems. Physiol Behav. 1996 Apr-May;59(4-5):915-20.
Dyall SC, Michael-Titus AT.: Neurological benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(4):219-35. doi: 10.1007/s12017-008-8036-z. Epub 2008 Jun 10.
Bourre JM.: Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry. Med Sci (Paris). 2005 Feb;21(2):216-21.
Michael J. Weiser, Christopher M. Butt, and M. Hasan Mohajeri: Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition throughout the Lifespan. Nutrients. 2016 Feb; 8(2): 99. Published online 2016 Feb 17. doi: 3390/nu8020099 PMCID: PMC4772061
Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Yao JK, Conklin SM, Manuck SB. Long-chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Optimization of Cognitive Performance.Military medicine. 2014;179(11 0):95-105. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00168.
Hatakka K., Savilahti E, Pönkä A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Näse L, Saxelin M, Korpela R. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ. 2001 Jun 2;322(7298):1327.
King S, Glanville J, Sanders ME, Fitzgerald A, Varley D. Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2014;112(1):41-54. doi:10.1017/S0007114514000075.
Tognini P.: Gut Microbiota: A Potential Regulator of Neurodevelopment. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2017;11:25. doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00025.
Johnston BC, Goldenberg JZ, Vandvik PO, Sun X, Guyatt GH.: Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Nov 9;(11):CD004827. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub3.
Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. The Journal of Physiology. 2017;595(2):489-503. doi:10.1113/JP273106.
Guandalini S.: Probiotics for prevention and treatment of diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov;45 Suppl:S149-53. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257e98.
Leyer GJ, Li S, Mubasher ME, Reifer C: Probiotic Effects on Cold and Influenza-Like Symptom Incidence and Duration in Children. Pediatrics Aug 2009, 124 (2) e172-e179; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2666
Wang H-X, Wang Y-P. Gut Microbiota-brain Axis. Chinese Medical Journal. 2016;129(19):2373-2380. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.190667.
Schmidt C. Mental health: Thinking from the gut. Nature. 2015;518:S12–5. doi: 10.1038/518S13a.
Smith PA. The tantalizing links between gut microbes and the brain. Nature. 2015;526:312–4. doi: 10.1038/526312a.
Mayer EA, Knight R, Mazmanian SK, Cryan JF, Tillisch K. Gut microbes and the brain: Paradigm shift in neuroscience. J Neurosci. 2014;34:15490–6. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014.
Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B, Samuelsson A, et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:3047–52. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010529108.
Leung K, Thuret S. Gut Microbiota: A Modulator of Brain Plasticity and Cognitive Function in Ageing. Parthasarathy S, ed. Healthcare. 2015;3(4):898-916. doi:10.3390/healthcare3040898.
Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2015;125(3):926-938. doi:10.1172/JCI76304.
Carlson AL, Xia K, Azcarate-Peril MA, Goldman BD, Ahn M, Styner MA, Thompson AL, Geng X, Gilmore JH, Knickmeyer RC.: Infant Gut Microbiome Associated With Cognitive Development. Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 15;83(2):148-159. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.021. Epub 2017 Jun 27.
Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, et al. Consumption of Fermented Milk Product With Probiotic Modulates Brain Activity. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(7):10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.043. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.043.
Yarandi SS, Peterson DA, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, , Pasricha PJ. Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016;22:201-212. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm15146
Leyer GJ, Li S, Mubasher ME, Reifer C: Probiotic Effects on Cold and Influenza-Like Symptom Incidence and Duration in Children. Pediatrics Aug 2009, 124 (2) e172-e179; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2666
Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A.: Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 76, Issue 3, 1 September 2002, Pages 675–680, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.3.675
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2015. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for calcium. EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4101, 82 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4101
Caroli A, Poli A, Ricotta D, Banfi G, Cocchi D.: Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Nov; 94(11):5249-62.
Harris HR, Chavarro JE, Malspeis S, Willett WC, Missmer SA. Dairy-Food, Calcium, Magnesium, and Vitamin D Intake and Endometriosis: A Prospective Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2013;177(5):420-430. doi:10.1093/aje/kws247.
Heaney RP.: Dairy and bone health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Feb; 28 Suppl 1():82S-90S.
Rozenberg S, Body J-J, Bruyère O, et al. Effects of Dairy Products Consumption on Health: Benefits and Beliefs—A Commentary from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Calcified Tissue International. 2016;98:1-17. doi:10.1007/s00223-015-0062-x. 73. Vissers PA, Streppel MT, Feskens EJ, de Groot LC. The contribution of dairy products to micronutrient intake in the Netherlands. J Am Coll Nutr. 2011;30(5 Suppl 1):415S– doi: 10.1080/07315724.2011.10719985.
Weaver CM, Proulx WR, Heaney R.: Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep; 70(3 Suppl):543S-548S.
National Health and Medical Research Council: Eat For Health Educator Guide. Australian Dietary Guidelines Educator Guide Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council. 2013. ISBN Online: 1864965800, ISBN Print: 1864965797
National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 3, Energy. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234938/
S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. December 2015. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
Kozaróczy
Sports nutrition specialist, R&D consultant for manufacturers and distributors of nutritional supplements and health foods, Nutrition consultant for numerous elite, world-class athletes, Writer and Bodybuilding champion.
Welcome back. Please enter your information below.
Register an account
Benefits of creating an account - Track purchases - View previous orders
- Get personalized recommendations - Save items to your Wishlist - Manage shipping & billing address
By continuing to use this site, you consent to our use of cookies. We use cookies to enhance and customize our content, advertisements and social media features, as well as to analyze our traffic. Information about your use of our site may be shared with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that they have collected from your use of their services, or that you may have provided to them. Thank you for visiting vitamin360.comAccept